Upgrade from Smarty 3 to Smarty 4 to be PHP 8.1 compatible

Remove all Smarty4 dedicated tests, all are done in the same test file like before
2022-04-06 15:12:50 +09:00
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+Philosophy
+=======
+
+## What is Smarty?
+
+Smarty is a template engine for PHP. More specifically, it facilitates a
+manageable way to separate application logic and content from its
+presentation. This is best described in a situation where the
+application programmer and the template designer play different roles,
+or in most cases are not the same person.
+
+For example, let\'s say you are creating a web page that is displaying a
+newspaper article.
+
+-   The article `$headline`, `$tagline`, `$author` and `$body` are
+    content elements, they contain no information about how they will be
+    presented. They are [passed](#api.assign) into Smarty by the
+    application.
+
+-   Then the template designer edits the templates and uses a
+    combination of HTML tags and [template tags](#language.basic.syntax)
+    to format the presentation of these
+    [variables](#language.syntax.variables) with elements such as
+    tables, div\'s, background colors, font sizes, style sheets, svg
+    etc.
+
+-   One day the programmer needs to change the way the article content
+    is retrieved, ie a change in application logic. This change does not
+    affect the template designer, the content will still arrive in the
+    template exactly the same.
+
+-   Likewise, if the template designer wants to completely redesign the
+    templates, this would require no change to the application logic.
+
+-   Therefore, the programmer can make changes to the application logic
+    without the need to restructure templates, and the template designer
+    can make changes to templates without breaking application logic.
+
+## Goals
+
+The Smarty design was largely driven by these goals:
+-   clean separation of presentation from application code
+-   PHP backend, Smarty template frontend
+-   complement PHP, not replace it
+-   fast development/deployment for programmers and designers
+-   quick and easy to maintain
+-   syntax easy to understand, no PHP knowledge necessary
+-   flexibility for custom development
+-   security: insulation from PHP
+-   free, open source
+
+
+
+## Two camps of thought
+
+When it comes to templating in PHP, there are basically two camps of
+thought. The first camp exclaims that \"PHP is a template engine\". This
+approach simply mixes PHP code with HTML. Although this approach is
+fastest from a pure script-execution point of view, many would argue
+that the PHP syntax is messy and complicated when mixed with tagged
+markup such as HTML.
+
+The second camp exclaims that presentation should be void of all
+programming code, and instead use simple tags to indicate where
+application content is revealed. This approach is common with other
+template engines (even in other programming languages), and is also the
+approach that Smarty takes. The idea is to keep the templates focused
+squarely on presentation, void of application code, and with as little
+overhead as possible.
+
+## Why is separating PHP from templates important?
+
+Two major benefits:
+
+-   SYNTAX: Templates typically consist of semantic markup such as HTML.
+    PHP syntax works well for application code, but quickly degenerates
+    when mixed with HTML. Smarty\'s simple {tag} syntax is designed
+    specifically to express presentation. Smarty focuses your templates
+    on presentation and less on \"code\". This lends to quicker template
+    deployment and easier maintenance. Smarty syntax requires no working
+    knowledge of PHP, and is intuitive for programmers and
+    non-programmers alike.
+
+-   INSULATION: When PHP is mixed with templates, there are no
+    restrictions on what type of logic can be injected into a template.
+    Smarty insulates the templates from PHP, creating a controlled
+    separation of presentation from business logic. Smarty also has
+    security features that can further enforce restrictions on
+    templates.
+
+## Web designers and PHP
+
+A common question: "Web designers have to learn a syntax anyway, why
+not PHP?" Of course web designers can learn PHP, and they may already
+be familiar with it. The issue isn't their ability to learn PHP, it is
+about the consequences of mixing PHP with HTML. If designers use PHP, it
+is too easy to add code into templates that doesn't belong there (you
+just handed them a swiss-army knife when they just needed a knife.) You
+can teach them the rules of application design, but this is probably
+something they don't really need to learn (now they are developers!)
+The PHP manual is also an overwhelming pile of information to sift
+through. It is like handing the owner of a car the factory assembly
+manual when all they need is the owners manual. Smarty gives web
+designers exactly the tools they need, and gives developers fine-grained
+control over those tools. The simplicity of the tag-based syntax is also
+a huge welcome for designers, it helps them streamline the organization
+and management of templates.
+